Let's consider standard Black-Scholes model with price process St satisfying SDE dSt=St(bdt+σdBt)
Edit: In Jeanblanc, Yor, Chesney Mathematical Methods for Financial Markets I found the following proof:
If Q is equivalent to P then there exists strictly positive martingale Lt such that Q|Ft=LtP|Ft. From the predictable representation property under P, there exists a predictable ψ such that dLt=ψtdBt=LtϕtdBt,
where ψt=ϕtLt. It follows that d(LRS)tmart=(LRS)t(b−r+ϕtσ)dt(where dXtmart=dYt for semimartingales X and Y means that X−Y is a local martingale, Rt=e−rt is a discount process). Hence, in order for Q to be an e.m.m., or equivalently for LRS to be a P-local martingale, there is one and only one process ϕ such that the bounded variation part of LRS is null, that is ϕt=r−bσ=−θ.
Now Girsanov theorem gives us the existence of such e.m.m. and fact that ϕ is unique gives us uniqueness of Q. Unfortunately, I don't understand where mart= equality comes from and why for LRS to be a P-local martingale, there must be process ϕ such that the bounded variation part of LRS is null. Do you have any idea how to proceed with these steps?
I am especially interested in the proof of d(LRS)tmart=(LRS)t(b−r+ϕtσ)dt.
Answer
A martingale must have constant expectation, such that adding a deterministic finite variation process (b−r)dt would break the martingale property (except for when its a constant, which it is not by multiplication with dt).
Hence the finite variation process must be eliminated under Q for LRS to be an (equivalent) martingale measure, and as shown the only unique choice in this case is ϕt=−θ.
The assertion mart= does not represent an equality per se, it is the postulated martingale requirement under Q. Q is then chosen by Girsanov theorem with ϕt=−θ such that mart= holds.
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