formatting - Show the translation of foreign language thoughts in a manuscript?

Part of an English story takes place in rural South America, where Spanish is the native tongue.

A Spanish character thinks to himself. In English (i.e., in the story's native tongue), thoughts are quite often placed in italics, but never inside of quotation marks. The question he asks is:

What’s going on?

There are only a few places in the text where characters speak Spanish, and even fewer where they think in it.

A handful of ways to write his question include:

• ¿Qué está pasando? he wondered, what’s going on?


• ¿Qué está pasando? he wondered. What’s going on?


• ¿Qué está pasando? he wondered: What’s going on?


• Qué está pasando? he wondered. What’s going on?


• He wondered, Qué está pasando?--What’s going on?

I'm unsure of whether to prefix with the upside-down question mark, whether to use two independent statements, or join them together with punctuation (e.g., a comma or full-colon).

How would you:

• punctuate the foreign language question that the character thinks?


• provide a translation for the reader?