Friday, March 6, 2015

options - Black-Scholes formula proof, without stochastic integration


I've looked into many books at my academic library, and very often it goes like this:



  • Brownian motion


  • Then, stochastic integration (Itô's formula etc.)

  • Application: Black-Scholes formula for price of a call option




However, I've seen a proof that doesn't require stochastic integration at all, it goes like this:


Let Y(t)=Y(0)eX(t) be the price of an asset, as a geometric brownian motion, i.e. X(t)=μt+σB(t) where B is a standard brownian. We also assume that μ+σ2/2=0 so that the trend is neutral.


Now the price for a European call option (maturity t=T, strike price Y(0)A) is:


C=E((Y(T)Y(0)A)+)=Y(0)E((eX(T)A)+).


But since X(T) has a law N(μT,σ2T) (brownian), it's easy to see that


E((eX(T)A)+)=lnA(exA)12πσ2Te(xμT)22σ2Tdx



and then (it's just standard integration), we get:


C=Y(0)(Φ(σTαT)AΦ(αT)) with αT:=ln(A)/(σT)+σT/2 and Φ(x)=(1/2π)xet2/2dt


This proves the Black-Scholes formula for a call option, without needing any stochastic integration / Itô.



Why do all textbooks use stochastic integration to prove this, when it seems we don't need it?




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