I've looked into many books at my academic library, and very often it goes like this:
- Brownian motion
- Then, stochastic integration (Itô's formula etc.)
- Application: Black-Scholes formula for price of a call option
However, I've seen a proof that doesn't require stochastic integration at all, it goes like this:
Let Y(t)=Y(0)eX(t) be the price of an asset, as a geometric brownian motion, i.e. X(t)=μt+σB(t) where B is a standard brownian. We also assume that μ+σ2/2=0 so that the trend is neutral.
Now the price for a European call option (maturity t=T, strike price Y(0)A) is:
C=E((Y(T)−Y(0)A)+)=Y(0)⋅E((eX(T)−A)+).
But since X(T) has a law N(μT,σ2T) (brownian), it's easy to see that
E((eX(T)−A)+)=∫∞lnA(ex−A)1√2πσ2Te−(x−μT)22σ2Tdx
and then (it's just standard integration), we get:
C=Y(0)(Φ(σ√T−αT)−AΦ(−αT)) with αT:=ln(A)/(σ√T)+σ√T/2 and Φ(x)=(1/√2π)∫x−∞e−t2/2dt
This proves the Black-Scholes formula for a call option, without needing any stochastic integration / Itô.
Why do all textbooks use stochastic integration to prove this, when it seems we don't need it?
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